Author or artificial intelligence? Literature in crisis

It's the hot-button topic at the Frankfurt Book Fair : How profoundly will artificial intelligence (AI) transform the book industry, and how can this transformation be regulated?

This year, however, another aspect has entered the debate: Can we actually recognize when a text has been written with the help of artificial intelligence, and if so, can this be proven?

These are some of the questions raised by the current scandal surrounding Haitian-Canadian author Thelyson Orelien and his debut novel, "C'etait ca ou mourir," (This title means "It Was Either That or Die" in English but an English translation has not yet been published), which was published in Canada in the spring.

The book about global migration was universally acclaimed, with translation rights sold in more than 20 languages. Soon after the book was published in France, it was longlisted for the prestigious Prix Goncourt.

But then, all of a sudden, allegations emerged that the book had been written almost entirely using AI. Orelien, a rising literary star, found himself branded a fraud despite denying all the allegations. His nomination for the Goncourt was withdrawn.

So, who should we believe? An author or an AI that claims to have identified AI-generated writing?

"We will have to learn to live with doubt," says Hannes Bajohr, a professor of German literature at the University of California, Berkeley.

He has spent years examining how AI is changing both writing and reading. His prediction: If the origins of texts can no longer be reliably established, we will have to evaluate them differently. What matters will be their quality alone, rather than whether AI was used in the writing process.

Nina George, a best-selling author and the honorary president of the European Writers' Council, is unwilling to accept this.

But what if an author sees AI not as an enemy, but as a tool that makes writing easier?

American author and artist Luke Stoffel deliberately used AI in his memoir, "How To Win One Million Dollars" and "Shit Glitter," and was open about doing so.

"I'm dyslexic," he says in a video interview. "I've always written and made up stories, but I never dared to take them any further."

It was only with the help of AI, he says, that he was able to fulfill his dream. The technology drew his attention to weaknesses in his writing and suggested a marketing strategy that actually worked.

Then, in May 2026, he received an award from the Independent Book Publishers Association (IBPA) for the book.

For South African author Coral Hart, AI is actually the foundation of her business model. Publishing under various pseudonyms, she releases more than 200 different novels every year, spanning romance, thrillers and mystery, all independently published.

She sees herself as an ideas person, as well as an editor and publisher. Although none of her books has yet become a bestseller, the business is profitable. According to Hart, each of her books reaches more than 5,000 people.

New York-based author Luke Stoffel considers the entire debate hypocritical. Many publishers have been working with AI tools for some time. He's certain that "right now, a million-copy bestseller is being printed that was created with the help of AI. The author won't admit it, and then there'll be a scandal."

It is entirely possible that the scandal surrounding Thélyson Orélien is precisely that story. But we may never know for sure.

For now, the battle against the tech giants continues. Even the companies themselves are increasingly concerned about losing control.

At the very start of the fair, the German Publishers and Booksellers Association issued an appeal to policymakers in Berlin and Brussels, calling for stricter regulation of artificial intelligence, more urgently than ever before. More than 150 publishers have already signed it.

But for now, it remains just an appeal. And the question of what authors themselves should be permitted to do with AI will undoubtedly continue to fuel debate in the future.

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